Below
is a list of research reports and publications that serves as an
excellent reference and background on Presenteeism and its cost to
employers. These articles were used as part of our basis for the
development of our system.
Below
this list are facts
& figures
sorted into categories that concern corporations and employers.
Beside these facts and figures are their reference numbers.
Recently
released research (2010) has shown that Military
Families
with deployed spouses have similar elevated rates of stress,
anxiety depression etc.
Dr.
Nancy Doetzel's
Review of The CI EDGE
I
have had the honor of reviewing an extraordinary program, initiated
and led by Donnalee Kelly, who intends to help others to add quality
to their personal and professional lives. From her own versatile
scholarly and experiential background, she applies psychology,
sociology and common sense to construct strategies to help others add
quality to their lives. Her belief, as she leads the program, is that
a person does not require a vacation to unwind; there are tools
available to understand, respond appropriately, and thereby improve
life's situations and relationships with others, here and in the now.
Exercises to release stress can be applied wherever a person is.
Donnalee helps people to develop bridges over troubled waters, so
they can reduce stress and achieve healthy sleep patterns. She has
referred to her program as a "rest and relaxation tune-up"
that can make life easier for those who apply their freedom of
choice, to use her suggested tools. After having reviewed her program
and interviewed Donnalee, I feel confident that her program can bring
a fresh attitude and enthusiasm into one's personal and professional life.
Sincerely,
Dr.
Nancy Doetzel ( PhD, MA, HBA, HBSW, BA, ICADC)
Research
Rerences
1.
Industrial Engineer magazine: Outliers Column -Beyond the
Norm, "Marrieds Better at Shift #1
2.
Industrial Engineer magazine: Outliers Column -Beyond the
Norm, "Marrieds Better at Shift #2
3.
Occupational Health and Safety Magazine, March 200 5, Vol. 74 Issue
3, p12-12 1/3p, "More OT, Higher Absenteeism Marked Work
Practices in 2004" by Circadian Technologies Inc. Geographic
Terms: Lexington Massachusetts #3
4a)Work
life Report, "Women Shift workers Have More Problems", IR
Research Publications Report # 083429X, 1996, Vol. 10 Issue14a
4
b) Work life Report, "Shift worker and Health: Canadian
Evidence", IR Research Publications Report # 083429X, 2002, Vol.
14 No.3 #4b
5.
Professional Safety; "Shift work Training Improves Bottom
Line" Study Finds Oct 2005 Vol. 50 Issue 10 Pg 62, Published in
Industrial Health Journal back
to top return
to references
go to
research details below
6.
Johnson, Gail, May 2004, Vol. 41 Issue 5, p18-18 8, "The Night
Shift" by Circadian Technologies Inc. Geographic Terms:
Lexington Massachusetts Survey of 13,0000 full time shift-workers and
28,000 part time shift-workers in Kennecott Energy. #6
7.
Johnson, Gail, May 2004, Vol.41 Issue 5, p18-18 8, "The Night
Shift" by Circadian Technologies Inc. Geographic Terms:
Lexington Massachusetts Survey of 13,0000 full time shift-workers and
28,000 part time shift-workers in Kennecott Energy. Johnson Quotes
Sam Sirois, senior consultant at Circadian Technologies Inc #7
8.
Professional Safety Magazine. Article: "Human Resources Must
Take Bigger Roll in 24/7 Operations" by Circadian Technologies
Inc. Aug 2004, Vol.49 Issue 8, p20-21 #8
9.
Mistlberger, Ralph Simon Fraser University "Shift work Practice
in British Columbia", Study 1: Survey of Shift work practice in
B.C. #9
10.
British Medical Association The Professional Association For
Doctors "Implications For Health and Safety of Junior
Doctors' Working Arrangements"(1999)" #10
11.
British Medical Association The Professional Association For
Doctors "Implications For Health and Safety of Junior
Doctors' Working Arrangements"(1999)" #11
12.
Kohler, Brian. National Representative -Health Safety and Environment
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada
and
Jon Shearer, director of the Canadian Institute for Shiftwork Studies;
Paperworkers
Union of Canada
Web Site #12;
"Shift work" http://www.cep.ca/health_safety/files/shiftwork_e.html
13.
O'Rourke, Morgan. Risk Management March 2004, Vol.51 Issue 3 p
44-45 "The Costs of Overtime" quotes Circadian Technologies-13
14.
Scott, Allene, M.D. "Shift work Hazards" Kittaning, Pa.
Jacksonville Medical Park Online Journals April 2001 www.jaxmed.com #14
15.
Bourdouxhe, Madeleine A.; Granger, Denise; Baril, Raymond H;
Massicotte, Paur R.; Levy, Micheline; Lemay, Francois all of
Occupational Health and Safety Research Institute Montreal, Quebec,
Canada and Queinnec, Yvon Of Work and Cognition Laboratory University
of Toulouse, France. "Ageing and Shiftwork: The Effects of 20
Years of Rotating 12 hour Shifts Among Petroleum Refinery
Operators" #
15
16.
Demerouti, Evangelia, Geurts, Sabie A. E; Bakker, (Univ. Of Nijmegen,
Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, The Netherlands)
Armold B; Euwema, Martin; Demerouti, Evangelia (Univ. of Utrecht,
Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, The Netherlands;
"The Impact Of Shiftwork On Work- Home conflict, Job Attitudes
And Health" Ergonomics, 15 July 2004, Vol.47, No.9. 987-1002:
Study of military police.-16
17. Shift
Work International Newsletter "News from the Scientific
Committee on Shiftwork" (22 coun-tries reported the latest
research XVI at the International Symposium on Night and Shift-Work.) #17
18.
Sirois, William, Vice president and COO of Circadian Technologies
Inc. "Manage Shift-workers for Top Performance; Leadership For
The Front Lines", 1 July 2000 Issue No 381; A Bureau of Business
Practice Newsletter; bbppnews.com #18
19.
British Medical Association The Professional Association For
Doctors "Health and Safety Problems Associated with
Doctors' Working Patterns" (June 1999)" back
to top return
to references
go to
research details below
20.
Boivin, Diane B,MD. PhD, Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian
Rhythms. "Influence of Sleep-wake and Circadian Rhythm
Disturbances In Psychiatric Disorders" Department of Psychiatry,
Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal. Quebec. Journal of
Psychiatry and Neuroscience 11804882, Nov2000, Vol.25 Issue 5 p446 #20
21.
Parkes, Katharine R. University of Oxford, "Shiftwork and
Environment as Interactive Predictor of Work Perception",
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2003 Vol.8 No 4 p. 261 -281 #21
22.
"Update On Job Stress Overwork in America", Health and
Stress -The Newsletter of The American Institute of Stress 2005
June #22
23.
"Sleep In America Poll 2005" #23
24.
"Working Long or Late Hours Takes Its toll on Workers and
Workplace" Circadian Technologies reported in Business Week. #24
25.
"Insomnia" by Michael Tjepkema Component of Statistics
Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-XPE2005001 -Health Reports Volume 17,
Number 1 based on Community Health Survey (CCHS): Mental Health and
Well-being, beginning May 2002 ISSN: 0840-65293rd floor, R.H. Coats
Building, Ottawa, K1A 0T65
26.
"Best Of The Best Know How To Invest In Staff" by Peter
Evans National Post Saturday Oct 22 2005 writes of Dan Ondrack of the
Rotman School of Management 2004 #26
27.
Frickle-Oerkkmann, Leonie, Oct 3 2007, American Academy of Sleep
Medicine; "Prevalence And Course Of Sleep Problems
In Childhood" #27
28.
Alcoholics Anonymous. (1952) Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. New
York, New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services #28
29.
Mroczek et al. "Do health behaviors explain the effect of
neuroticism on mortality? Longitudinal findings from the BA Normative
Aging Study" Journal of Research in Personality, 2009; 43
(4):653 DOI: 10.1016/J.JPR/2009.03.016 (Purdu University
Personality traits associated with stress and worry can be hazardous
to your health.) #29
30
McGinn, "Is Your Health Too Much Information" The Globe and
Mail; July 20, 2009 #30
31
Cousins, Jennifer C PhD. "Better Sleep Is Associated With
Improved Academic Success" Post doctoral fellow at the Univ. of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, presented to the 23rd Annual Meeting of
Associated Professional Sleep Societies on June 10 2009. #31
32
Berka, Chris from Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc in Carlsbad,
California; evaluated 17 USMC battalion/platoon leaders with
continuous actigraphy during 28-days training exercises ("Sleep
Deprivation Is Common Among Members Of The US Marine Corps"
www.sciencedaily.com 2007/06/070613071121.htm #32
33
Paabonen, Juulia MD PhD. "Inadequate Sleep Leads To Behavior
Problems", University of Helsinki and National Institute of
Health and welfare, Finland April 28 2009 www.sciencedaily.com 2009/04/090427131313.htm
#33
34
Partridge, John; "It's Really Gloomy Out There"; The
Globe and Mail; June 15 2009 Canadian Survey conducted for Everest
College of Toronto by Harris/Decima. back
to top return
to references
go to
research details below
35
Marcora, Samuele M.; Stainano, Walter; Manning, Victoria; "Mental
Fatigue Can Affect Physical Endurance In Humans" Bangor
University, Wales, UK; Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009, DOI 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.91324.2008
#35
36
National Sleep Foundation; 1/3 of Americans Lose Sleep Over The
Economy; 2009 Sleep in America TM poll conducted by WB &A Market
research; March 2009 #36
37
Tobin, Anne-Marie' the CANADIAN PRESS "Insomnia costs 6.5B per
year (2009) in Quebec." Reports on researcher Meagan
Daley, Professor of psychology at CEGEP Champlain-St. Lawrence 37
38
Grant, Tavia GLOBE AND MAIL Feb 13, 2009 A happier worker is a
cheaper worker. Report on Hewitt Associates' annual survey of 115,00
Canadian employees. 2009 #38
39
Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A
systematic presentation in selections from his writings. New York,
New York: H.L. Harper and Row. #39
40
Goldstein, Rosenbaum. (1982). Agress-less: How to Turn Anger and
Aggression into Positive Action. Prentice-Hall. #40
41
Johnson, S, M.D. (1984). "The Precious Present."
Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co. Inc.
42
Mayberry R. (1993). Whatever Happened to Justice? Placerville,
California: Bluestocking Press. 42
43
Pursel, J. (1992). Sustaining and Expanding Success. Orlando,
Florida: NPN Publishing Inc. #43
44
Rengert, L. (1992). Dealing with Anger. La Verne California:
University of La Verne. #44
45
Scott, G. (1990). Resolving Conflict with Others and Within Yourself.
Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. #45
46
Moses, Barbara, GLOBE AND MAIL "When Someone You Work
For Just Doesn' t Get It" ; Aug 19 2009 #46
47.
"Many Commercial Drivers Have Impaired Performance Due To
Lack Of Sleep" by Alan Pack University of Pennsylvania School of
Medicine, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care
Medicine, August 15,2006 #47
48.
"Poor Sleep Is Associated With Lower Relationship
Satisfaction In Both Women and Men" American Academy of
Sleep Medicine Annual General Meeting of Professional Sleep
Societies; June 10 2009
49. "The
Resolution of Workplace Presenteeism" (pending
CIPO and WIPO patents) a
solution to workers coming to work unable to pay full attention to or
put in a full day's work. Donnalee Kelly; David A Kelly
50."Deployment
and the Use of Mental Health Services among U.S. Army Wives";
Alyssa
J. Mansfield, Ph.D., M.P.H., Jay S. Kaufman, Ph.D., Stephen W.
Marshall, Ph.D., Bradley N. Gaynes, M.D., M.P.H., Joseph P.
Morrissey, Ph.D., and Charles C. Engel, M.D., M.P.H.;New
England Journal of Medicine 2010 Volume 362:101-109 January
14, 2010
DETAILED
RESOURCE FACTS AND FIGURES
Corporations
Have To Be About Profits
The
present invention relates to the fine tuning of the inflow and out
flow of money into a corporation to maximize profits through the use
of constraints and productivity tools. The tools consist of
individual interlocking products specifically designed to unlock
those aspects of employee's and management's lives that affect the
degree of absenteeism, productivity and profitability within a
corporation. # 49
Workforce
Statistics Extended Hours and Shift-Work
"It
can cost up to $50,000 to train and bring an employee up to snuff
Top 10 Companies to work for in Canada have a 4% turnover compared to
8% of others. They take care of employees." Little perks can add
up to big returns. The better employer gets better value from the
same size workforce. They work smarter and better and means more bang
for your buck It is not about what you lose but what you fail to
gain. 2005 #26
North
America employer averages $3490 per shift-worker per year for
replacements and added management and overtime.
#13 back
to top return
to references
Stress
causes 13 M sick days per year and costs 1$ per every 10$ earned,
increased employee turnover and medical costs #22
Canada
$13 billion in lost time in sick days as well as in disability
claims for Stress-related illness and stress CMHA 2004
4.5
million full-time employees work on shifts outside the times of 7
a.m. to 6 p.m. US Bureau of Labor Statistics #1 Employees
working extended hours from 7a.m. to 7 p.m. have significantly higher
rates of absenteeism and turnover #7
Intense
pressure over a recent short period increased the risk of heart
attack. 2020 clinical depression will outrank cancer and follow only
heart disease as the 2nd leading cause of death and disability in the
world. #22
Absenteeism:
Extended Hours Shift and Worker Replacement
North
America absenteeism rates 5.3% in 2003 #13
Employees
working extended hours from 7a.m. to 7 p.m. have significantly
higher rates of absenteeism and turnover #7
Stress
is leading cause of absenteeism in Great Britain #21
Absenteeism
rate increases when overtime rises in 2003, overtime was 12.6% and
absenteeism was 5.8% in 2004 overtime went up to 16.23% causing
absenteeism to go up to 12.4 % a total of up to 6.6% #3
Fatigue
caused by added over time when companies relied on overtime from
their existing workforce rather than hiring extra workers #3
26%
asked to work overtime in 2005 #22
44%
workers are highly overworked and 36% of them are highly stressed #22
The
high overworked group were more likely to make mistakes at work,
feel angry at their employers for expecting them to do so much,
resent coworkers who didn't work as hard as they did, have higher
stress levels, be depressed or have health problems, be neglectful
with respect to caring for themselves #22
Sleep
Increased
drug and alcohol abuse to wake up and go to sleep #12
32
% of sleepers who drink had insomnia symptoms. #37
Even
if we slept 6-8 hours after drinking alcohol we don't feel as if we
have because it is not restorative. (Less energy to work) #37 back
to top return
to references
go to
research above
The
annual cost per person were $5,010 for those with insomnia syndrome
compared to $1431 for those with symptoms and $421 for good sleepers.
People wait 10 to 12 years before consulting (sleep problems) and
they've been suffering for years and years and years. #37
Transport
companies are advised to put a sleep plan/training in place for
employees. #47
Most
common physical complaint is chronic fatigue due to loss of quantity
and quality of Sleep #12
80%
shift-workers experienced sleep disorders in a Swedish Study #13
People
sleeping too few hours reported being too tired to work efficiently
and 90% of them reported insomnia a few nights a week in the past
month. #36
Insomnia
costs 6.5B per year (2009) in Quebec from indirect costs of absences
and reduced productivity. #37
A
reliance on alcohol as a sleep aid ended up costing 340 Million.
(The portion of the night after drinking spent on deep sleep where we
recuperate that physical energy and in dreaming is reduced. #37
Increased
sleep disorders in extended hours workers. #7
80%
shift-workers experienced sleep disorders in a Swedish Study #13
Sleep
deprivation can result in chronic anxiety or depression and lead to
genuine sleep disorders hyposomnia #10
13.4%
of the household population aged 15 or older that is, 3.3 million Canadians-had
insomnia #25
Shift
workers constant need to readapt sleep cycle causes stress and
creates health problems #12
USA
17% says work causes them to lose sleep #22
North
America rise in fatigue workers from 6% to 10% in 2003 #13
Sleep
deprivation has progressive deterioration effect ability to complete
routine tasks, task performance and psychical ability and well-being #10
Sleep
deprived people have progressive deterioration of mood, accompanied
by tiredness and irritability resulting in chronic fatigue and
psychoneurotic syndromes such as chronic anxiety or depression #19
Depression
symptoms in the workplace: difficulty in making decisions; Decreased
productivity; Inability to concentrate; Decline in dependability;
Unusual increase in errors in work; Being prone to accidents;
Frequent tardiness, increased "sick" days; Lack of
enthusiasm for work Canadian Mental Health Association for Leger
Marketing in December 2002 and January 2003
More
reported mood swings, cases of depression, sexual and psychological
problems #12
Shift-workers
average 2 hours less per day than non-shiftworkers (quantity) #12
Shift
workers sleep 5.5 average hours a day #7 back
to top go
to research above
Shift-workers
have an inability to stabilize the different stages of sleep
(quality) #12
Sleep
deprivation has progressive deterioration effect on mood
(irritability accompanied by tiredness); motivation; alertness, short
term memory, ability to complete routine tasks, task performance and
psychical ability and well-being #10
Premature
aging caused by loss of REM sleep #12
Stress
A
happier worker is a cheaper worker and tends to be more productive,
takes fewer sick days and costs employers less in disability
expenses. # 38
An
unhappy worker can cost a 1000 employee company about 1 M in
disability and lost productivity. # 38
Lower
job stress and manageable workload translate into tangible benefits
for employers in terms of lower absenteeism. # 38
Stress
increases behavioral reactions of increased smoking, consumption of
alcohol and taking unnecessary risks #19
Stress
from the constant need to readapt sleep cycle creates health
problems #12
Stress
of dealing with chronic anxiety or depression caused by sleep
deprivation that can lead to genuine sleep disorders hyposomnia #10
The
relationship between long hours and ill health is largely mediated
by stress #19
Stress
of dealing with the progressive deterioration of mood (irritability
accompanied by tiredness); motivation; alertness, short term memory,
ability to complete routine tasks, task performance and psychical
ability and well-being caused by sleep deprivation #10
1/3
of Americans Lose Sleep Over The Economy,. People reporting sleep
problems since 2001 has increased 13%; Americans who sleep less than
6 hours jumped from 13 to 28%
Stress
caused when long term shift-workers loss of being able to adapt #12
Stress
of certain health problems that are difficult to reverse after 5
years of working even among workers in their thirties #15 back
to top return
to references
go to
research above
Stress
caused by added over time when companies relied on overtime from
their existing workforce rather than hiring extra workers #3
In
extended working hours, fatigue lowers one ability to learn on the
job due to depressed moods and motivation #19
Anxiety
and depression have a severe impact on quality of life -78 per cent
responded that it strongly impacts a person's success at performing
their job. CMHA Leger Marketing in December 2002 and January 2003
High
level of anxious and depressive symptoms has been reported amongst
shiftworkers #20
Rotating
shifts more negative attitudes towards their jobs than employees who
worked fixed shifts #16
Accidents
& Performance In Extended Hours & Shift-Work
Accident
rate of late night hours had 3 times as many accidents despite lower
traffic density #17
20%
more mistakes happen and it took 14% longer to complete tasks on shift-work
due to fatigue #10, #19
North
America rise in fatigue workers from 6% to 10% in 2003 #13
Extended
wakefulness resulted in a decline of cognitive psychomotor
performance equivalent to a blood alcohol concentration of 10. (Over
the legal limit) #19
20%
of overworked employees make a lot of mistakes # 22
26%
asked to work overtime in 2005 # 22
Trucker
accident rate of late night hours had 3 times as many accidents
despite lower traffic density #17
Major
fatigue time is between 3 and 4 a.m. #18 (accidents)
More
serious accidents happen between 0200 and 0600 hours #12.
Extended
hours produce 20% more mistakes. Night shift sleepiness is in early
morning hours: Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and Exxon Valdez
accidents occurred during this time #19
Shift-work
is similar to a repetitive strain injury of the mind and the body #12 back
to top return
to references
go to
research above
Businesses
in New Zealand are now being fined for not doing something to
alleviate on the job stress #22
Training
Programs and Extended Hours and Shift-Work
Shift-workers
Increase sleep hours 18% when Families Given Training Program #5
Life
Style Training programs 54% employees made conscious changes #6
82%
Of Organizations Provided No Shift-work Education #9
1.9%
of companies consulted experts when designing shifts #9
Risk
Taking Employees
A
sleep-deprived employee is as dangerous on the job site as one who
is legally intoxicated! #23
Employees
are coming to work with fatigue (caused by extended wakefulness)
that produces a functioning level equal to above legal intoxication #10,11
Shift-workers
increase their drug and alcohol abuse, to wake up and go to sleep #12
How
many regular DAY employees suffer from inadequate sleep and stress?
For
a regular day employee 1 in 7 may have serious sleep problem #25
Canada
$13 billion in lost time in sick days as well as in disability
claims for stress-related illness and stress. Canadian Mental Health
Association 2004
Stress
causes 13 M sick days per year and costs 1$ per every 10$ earned,
increased employee turnover and medical costs #22
Employer
Concerns About Shift-workers!
Average
employer cost is $3,490 per shift-worker per year for replacements,
added management and overtime. - North America 2003 Circadian
Technologies #13
80%
of shift-workers experience sleep-deprivation #12 and average 2-3
hours LESS SLEEP per day than non-shift-workers. (5.5 hours average) #12 back
to top return
to references
go to
research above
Stress
comes from dealing with the chronic anxiety / depression caused by
sleep deprivation #10 and the constant need to readapt the sleep
cycle that also creates health problems. #12
Shiftworkers
have higher rates of absenteeism and turnover. #7
Stress
is leading cause of absenteeism. #21
Stress
increases behavioral reactions of increased smoking, consumption of
alcohol and taking unnecessary risks. #19 C
33%
make mistakes at or missed work because of lack of sleep. #23
20%
of overworked employees make a lot of mistakes #22
Training
programs for shift-workers increase sleep by 18% per night #5
54%
who take training programs will make conscious sleeping habits
change #6 -they will use the CD, ensuring operational savings.
What
is the cost of sleep deprivation and stress related illness to your
bottom line?
"
The better employer gets better value from the same size workforce.
They work smarter and better and that means more bang for your buck.
It is not about what you lose but what you fail to gain. " #26
Behavior
Personality
traits Associated with Stress And Worry Can Be Hazardous To Your
Health They lead to bad behaviors (smoking and drinking) needing
intervention and prevention programs. #29
Recommendation
that addicts disclose to qualify as disabilities under the Canadian
Rights Act to force employers to make it harder for them to be fired
by employers. # 30
Better
Sleep Is Associated With improved Academic Success. # 31
Decision-making
and vigilance is affected by sleep deprivation and fatigues despite
self-evaluation of stress, fatigue and mood levels that were
self-assessed as normal. Evaluated 17 USMC battalion/platoon leaders
with continuous actigraphy during 28-days training exercises. #32 back
to top return
to references
go to
research above
Shortened
sleep duration and sleeping difficulties are related to behavior
problems and showed that short sleep, per se, increases behavioral
symptoms, regardless of the presence of sleeping difficulties.
Inadequate sleep leads to behavior problems: ADHD
attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder #33
Work
induced blues -are up 63% and 23% Canadians fear they may lose their
jobs and 57% did not look for a promotion over the next year. 33%
fear will not find a new job if they had to look for one (new 6 year
low) #34
Mental
fatigue can affect physical endurance. When people are mentally
tired they cannot keep up physical endurance ie work the full
workday. On average mentally fatigued participants stopped 15%
earlier despite having the same levels of motivation. #35
It
is difficult for employees to understand or know how to manage
difficult people at work. Most of them are confused and frustrated by
failed communication. #46
Deployed
Military Families
"
Recently
released research (2010) has
shown that military
families with deployed spouses,
have elevated rates of stress, anxiety depression etc beyond
the non military population.
A study of more than 250,000 Army wives, of which two-thirds had
husbands who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and 2006. #50 |